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1217 Explain why the LNA of a receiving system is placed at the antenna end of the feeder cable 1218 An antenna having a noise temperature of 35 K is connected through a feeder having 05-dB loss to an LNA The LNA has a noise temperature of 90 K Calculate the system noise temperature referred to (a) the feeder input and (b) the LNA input 1219 Explain what is meant by carrier-to-noise ratio At the input to a receiver the received carrier power is 400 pW and the system noise temperature is 450 K Calculate the carrier-to-noise density ratio in dBHz Given that the bandwidth is 36 MHz, calculate the carrier-to-noise ratio in decibels 1220 Explain what is meant by the G/T ratio of a satellite receiving system A satellite receiving system employs a 5-m parabolic antenna operating at 12 GHz.

The antenna noise temperature is 100 K, and the receiver front-end noise temperature is 120 K Calculate [G/T] 1221 In a satellite link the propagation loss is 200 dB Margins and other losses account for another 3 dB The receiver [G/T] is 11 dB, and the [EIRP] is 45 dBW Calculate the received [C/N] for a system bandwidth of 36 MHz 1222 A carrier-to-noise density ratio of 90 dBHz is required at a receiver having a [G/T] ratio of 12 dB Given that total losses in the link amount to 196 dB, calculate the [EIRP] required 1223 Explain what is meant by saturation flux density The power received by a 18-m parabolic antenna at 14 GHz is 250 pW Calculate the power flux density (a) in W/m2 and (b) in dBW/m2 at the antenna 1224.

Solved Problem 15.2 a. What are some of the natural and arti cial barriers to entry into oligopolistic industries b. What are the possible harmful effects of oligopoly c. What are the possible bene cial effects of oligopoly Solution: a. The natural barriers to entry into oligopolistic industries like the automobile, aluminum, and steel industries are the smallness of the markets in relation to ef cient operation and the huge amounts of capital and specialized inputs required to start ef cient operation. Some arti cial barriers to entry are control over raw materials, patents, and government franchise. When entry is blocked or at least restricted, the rms in an oligopolistic industry can earn long-run pro ts. b. In the long run, oligopoly may lead to the following harmful effects: (1) P > MC and so there is an underallocation of the economy s resources to the rms in the oligopolistic industry; (2) the oligopolist usually does not produce at the lowest point on its LAC curve; and (3) when oligopolists produce a differentiated product, too much may be spent on advertising and model changes. c. For technological reasons, many products (such as automobiles, steel, etc.) cannot be produced under conditions of perfect competition (because their cost of production would be prohibitively high). In addition, oligopolists spend a great deal of their pro ts on research and development, and this may lead to faster technological advance and a higher standard of living than if the industry were organized along more competitive lines. Finally, some advertising is useful since it informs customers, and some product differentiation has the economic value of satisfying the different tastes of different consumers.

An earth station radiates an [EIRP] of 54 dBW at a frequency of 6 GHz Assuming that total losses amount to 200 dB, calculate the power flux density at the satellite receiver 1225 A satellite transponder requires a saturation flux density of 110 dBW/m2, operating at a frequency of 14 GHz Calculate the earth station [EIRP] required if total losses amount to 200 dB 1226 Explain what is meant by input BO An earth station is required to operate at an [EIRP] of 44 dBW in order to produce saturation of the satellite transponder If the transponder has to be operated in a 10 dB input BO mode, calculate the new value of [EIRP] required 1227.

Determine the carrier-to-noise density ratio at the satellite input for an uplink, which has the following parameters: operating frequency 6 GHz, saturation flux density 95 dBW/m2, input BO 11 dB, satellite [G/T] 7 dBK 1, [RFL] 05 dB (Tabulate the link budget values as shown in the text)..