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12.4. Calculate the gain in decibels and the effective area of a 30-m parabolic antenna at a frequency of 4 GHz. 12.5. An antenna has a gain of 46 dB at 12 GHz. Calculate its effective area.

Solved Problem 15.1 a. Why does a prospective monopolistic competitor nd it relatively easy to start production in the long run b. Why does the demand curve of a monopolistic competitor shift down when more rms start production c. Why is it dif cult or impossible to de ne the industry under monopolistic competition d. Why is there a cluster of prices rather than a single equilibrium price in this kind of industry Solution: a. A prospective monopolistic competitor usually nds it relatively easy to start production because very little capital and no great technical know-how are required to open a small gasoline station, grocery store, barber shop, etc. b. When more rms start producing a differentiated product, the demand curve of previously existing monopolistic competitors shifts down because each rm now has a smaller share of the market. c. Technically speaking, we cannot de ne the monopolistically competitive industry because each rm produces a somewhat different product. We simply cannot add together aspirins, Bufferins, Excedrins, etc. to get the market demand and supply curve because they are similar, but not identical, products. Thus, our graphical analysis must be con ned to the typical or representative rm. d. Slightly differentiated products also permit and cause slightly different prices. That is, even in long-run equilibrium, there will be a cluster of equilibrium prices, one for each differentiated product, rather than a single, industry-wide equilibrium price.

126 Calculate the effective area of a 10-ft parabolic reflector antenna at a frequency of (a) 4 GHz; (b) 12 GHz 127 The EIRP from a satellite is 494 dBW Calculate (a) the power density at a ground station for which the range is 40,000 km and (b) the power delivered to a matched load at the ground station receiver if the antenna gain is 50 dB The downlink frequency is 4 GHz 128 Calculate the free-space loss as a power ratio and in decibels for transmission at frequencies of (a) 4 GHz, (b) 6 GHz, (c) 12 GHz, and (d) 14 GHz; the range being 42,000 km 129 Repeat the calculation in Prob 127b allowing for a fading margin of 10 dB and receiver feeder losses of 05 dB 1210.

'' get input from user With ThisDrawing.Utility .InitializeUserInput 1 varPick = .GetPoint(, vbCr & "Pick the center point: ") .InitializeUserInput 1 + 2 + 4, "" dblRadius = .GetDistance(varPick, vbCr & "Enter the radius: ") End With '' draw the entity Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddSphere(varPick, dblRadius) objEnt.Update ThisDrawing.SendCommand "_shade" & vbCr End Sub

Explain what is meant by (a) antenna noise temperature, (b) amplifier noise temperature, and (c) system noise temperature referred to input A system operates with an antenna noise temperature of 40 K and an input amplifier noise temperature of 120 K Calculate the available noise power density of the system referred to the amplifier input 1211 Two amplifiers are connected in cascade, each having a gain of 10 dB and a noise temperature of 200 K Calculate (a) the overall gain and (b) the effective noise temperature referred to input 1212 Explain what is meant by noise factor For what source temperature is noise factor defined 1213 The noise factor of an amplifier is 7:1 Calculate (a) the noise figure and (b) the equivalent noise temperature 1214 An attenuator has an attenuation of 6 dB.

Calculate (a) its noise figure and (b) its equivalent noise temperature referred to input 1215 An amplifier having a noise temperature of 200 K has a 4-dB attenuator connected at its input Calculate the effective noise temperature referred to the attenuator input 1216 A receiving system consists of an antenna having a noise temperature of 60 K, feeding directly into a LNA The amplifier has a noise temperature of 120 K and a gain of 45 dB The coaxial feeder between the LNA and the main receiver has a loss of 2 dB, and the main receiver has a noise figure of 9 dB Calculate the system noise temperature referred to input..